International Standards

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights defines the basis of Human Rights in the contemporary era.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is the groundwork international document that gives rise to contemporary human rights law. While not compulsory in and of itself, the principles and rights defined by the UDHR have been enacted through following associated Covenants and multilateral treaties like the ICCPR and ICESCR.

Article 26 offers specific language regarding children.

PDF
Download Download
1948

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)

ICESCR lays international economic, social, and cultural rights into law and commits States Parties to them.

The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) was adopted by the UN GA in 1966. It requires economic, social, and cultural rights to Non-Self-Governing and Trust Territories, and offers labor rights, the right to health, the right to education, and the right to an adequate standard of living. UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) monitors the Covenant for compliance.

Additional Rights of Children are addressed in Articles 10 and 13.

The ICESCR has one Optional Protocol associated.

PDF
Download Download
1966

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR)

The ICCPR helps to establish a number of internationally held human rights.

The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) was adopted by the UN GA in 1966. A The requires respect for the civil and political rights, defined as the right to life, freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, electoral rights and rights to due process and a fair trial. The Covenant is monitored for compliance by the United Nations Human Rights Committee (UNHRC).

The additional rights of Children are addressed in Articles 6, 10, and 14.

In addition, there are the associated First Optional Protocol and Second Optional Protocol. The Second Optional Protocol specifically calls for abolition of Capital Punishment.

PDF
Download Download
1966

United Nations Rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived of their Liberty (The Havana Rules)

The Rules for Juveniles Deprived of their Liberty offers standards for management of Juvenile trials and facilities.

The United Nations rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived of their Liberty, or the Havana Rules, was adopted by the General Assembly in 1990. Subtopics include juveniles under arrest or awaiting trail and the management of juvenile facilities. These rules establish minimum standards accepted by the UN for Juvenile Justice applications within a context of human rights and fundamental freedoms.

PDF
Download Download
1990

United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice (The Beijing Rules)

The Beijing Rules are a 1985 UNGA resolution regarding juvenile detention, prisoners, and offenders.

The UN Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice (Beijing Rules) of 1985 provides instruction and guidelines on how minors should be treated by the State while interacting with the justice system. Subtopics include privacy rights, police operations, and due process guarantees. Notably, the Rules recommend alternative justice methods for minors.

PDF
Download Download
1985

United Nations Fact Sheets on Youth: Juvenile Justice

This fact sheet provides an overview of current international trends in Juvenile Justice alongside ongoing UN efforts.

This fact sheet provides an overview of current international trends in Juvenile Justice alongside ongoing UN efforts. Included are accessible data analysis as well as discussions of Juvenile Detention, Juvenile crime involvement, and ongoing UN fieldwork.

PDF
Download Download

UN Secretary-General Guidance Note: UN Approach to Justice for Children

This note provides the guiding principles and framework for UN justice for children activities at the national level.

This note provides the guiding principles and framework for UN justice for children activities at the national level that apply in all circumstances, including in conflict prevention, crisis, postcrisis, conflict, post-conflict and development contexts. It is framed within the UN mandate to support the realisation of human rights, poverty reduction and the Millennium Development Goals, and is a contribution to the UN coherence agenda in the rule of law area.

The goal of the justice for children approach is to ensure that children, defined by the Convention on the Rights of the Child as all persons under the age of eighteen, are better served and protected by justice systems, including the security and social welfare sectors. It specifically aims at ensuring full application of international norms and standards for all children who come into contact with justice and related systems as victims, witnesses and alleged offenders; or for other reasons where judicial, state administrative or non-state adjudicatory intervention is needed, for example regarding their care, custody or protection.

PDF
Download Download
2008

United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC)

The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) was adopted in 1989 to set out the civil, political, economic, social, health and cultural rights of children.

The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) was adopted to succeed the 1924 Declaration of the Rights of the Child by the League of Nations. The UNCRC standardizes international law by determining the basic rights of children and parents, protection from abuses, parental responsibilities, and legal representation, among others. In addition, the Convention creates the Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC) which monitors national compliance with the UNCRC. All United Nations Member States are party to the UNCRC excepting the United States which has signed but not ratified the Convention.

Notably, the UNCRC expressly forbids the use of capital punishment upon minors and by extension those who commit crimes while minors.

The treaty has one Amendment raising the membership of the CRC from 10 to 18 officers as well as three Optional Protocols:

  1. Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict (OP-AC)
  2. Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography (OP-SC)
  3. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a Communications Procedure
PDF
Download Download
1989

The African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child

The African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (ACRWC) was initially adopted in 1990 by the OAU, now the African Union (AU). The Charter sets a series of human rights agreements designed for the Pan-African social-legal context, as well as creating a board of experts to specifically address the implementation problems faced within AU member states.

PDF
Download Download
2018
Scroll to Top